and too few solved.

Part C: Reading comprehension

Each selection is followed by one or two questions about the meaning of the material. You are to choose the one best answer to each question from the choices given.

The people of Kiribati are afraid that one day in the not-too-distant future, their country will disappear from the face of the earth-literally. Several times this year, the pacific island nation has been flooded by a sudden high tide. These tides, which swept across the island and destroyed houses, came when there was neither wind nor rain.  This never happened before,  say the older citizens of Kiribati.

261-The people in this island are afraid because…….

1) in their island there is neither wind nor rain

2) the tides are very high

3) their land may go under water in future

4) the tides destroyed their houses

What is causing these mysterious high tides? The answer may well be global warming. When fuels like oil and coal are being burned, pollutants are released; these pollutants trap heat in the earth s atmosphere. Warmer temperatures cause water to expand and also create more water by melting glaciers and polar ice caps.

262- Some people believe the high tides……..   

1) are caused by the change in the earth s temperature

2) are caused by polar ice caps

3) are caused by melting glaciers

4) release pollutants

If the trend continues, scientists say, many countries will suffer. Bangladesh, for example, might lose one  fifth of its land. The coral island nations of the pacific, like Kiribati and the Marshall Islands, however, would face an even worse fate; they would be swallowed by the sea. The loss of these coral islands would be everyone s loss. Coral formations are home to more species than any other place on earth.

263- If this problems is not solved……..

1) some coral islands will be the home of many species

2) some countries may lose as much as twenty percent of their land

3) many scientists will suffer

4) Marshall Islands will have a better fate than Bangladesh

The people of these nations feel frustrated. The sea, on which their economies have always been based, is suddenly threatening their existence. They don t have the money for expensive technological solutions like seawalls. And they have no control over the pollutants, which are being released mainly by activities in large industralized countries. All they can do is to hope that industrialized co untries will take steps to reduce pollution.

264- The peoblem will be solved only if …….

1) the people in these island s release less pollutants

2) the people build seawalls around their houses

3) industrial countries decide to reduce pollution

4) industrial nations step on these islands

265-The people in Kiribati……….

1) must control the pollutants                              2) can build a seawall

3) don t rely on the sea                                         4) don t know what to do

Part I: comprehension. Read the following passage carefully and answer the question.

What is advertising?

Simply defined, advertising is any form of nonpersonal and promotion of ideas, goods, and services usually paid for by an identified sponsor. Advertising is directed toward a large group of anonymous people. Even direct-mail advertising, which may be addressed to a specific person, is prepared by a computer and is signed by a machine. Second, advertising is paid for. This fact differentiates advertising from publicity, which is not usually purchased. Sponsors par for the time and the space they use to get their message across. Third, for obvious reasons, the sponsor of the advertising is identified. In fact, in most instances, identifying the sponsor is the prime purpose behind the advertising   otherwise, why advertise? Perhaps the only situation in which the identity of the advertiser may not be self-evident is political advertising. Because of this, broadcaters and publishers will not accept a political advertising unless there is a statement identifying those responsible for it.

Advertising fulfill four basic functions in society. First, it serves a marketing function by helping companies that provide products or services sell their products. Personal selling, sales promotions, and advertising blend together to help market the product. Second, advertising is educational. People learn about new products and services or improvements in existing ones through advertising. Third, advertising plays an economic role. The ability to advertise allows new competitors to enter the business area. Competition, in turn, encourages product improvements and can lead to lower prices. Moreover, advertising reaches a mass audience, thus greatly reducing the cost of personal selling and distribution. Finally advertising performs a definite social function. By vividly displaying the material and cultural opportunities available in a free-enterprise society, advertising helps increase productivity and raises the standard of living.

Keep in mind that advertising is directed toward a target audience, a specific segment of the population for whom the product or service has definite appeal. There are many target audiences that could be defined. The most general consumers and business. Consequently, consumer advertising, as the name suggests, is targeted at the people who buy goods and services for personal use. Most of the advertising that most people are exposed to fall into this category. Business to business advertising is aimed at people who buy products for business use. Industrial, professional, trade, and agricultural advertising are all part of this category.

266- In general, advertising is directed to what group of people? Large group of ……

1) famous people                                                    2) homogeneous people  

3) anonymous people                                            4) reliable audience

267- With respect to the audience, how is the direct mail advertising?

1) inexpensive              2) personal                       3) expensive                   4) nonpersonal

268- What is the difference between advertising and publicity?

1)  Publicity is paid for                             

2)  Advertising is paid for

3)  Advertising and publicity are similar      

4)  Both advertising and publicity are paid for                     

269-In what type of advertising the news media require that the sponsor be identified?

1) political advertising                                           2) commercial advertising

3) business advertising                                         4) none of the above

270- Which of these roles is not the function of commercial advertising in society?

1) political role               2) educational role

3) marketing role                                                     4) economic role

271- What does the target audience mean?

1)  a specific segment of the audience                2)  large group of audience 

3)  audience who have the money                       4)  none of the above

272-What type of advertising do most people are exposed?

1) consumer advertising                                       2) business advertising

3) political advertising                                           4) business to business advertising         

273 -

274- Which one of the following is NOT the basic function of advertising in society?

1) the news function                                              2) the social function

3) the economic function                                      4) the educational function 

275- In what type of advertising, the sponsor may NOT be self evidence?

1) trade advertising                                                2) industrial advertising

3) political advertising                                           4) commercial advertising

276- What does competition do for the products?

1) encourage product improvement

2) leads to lower prices      

3) raises the standard of living

4) both 1 and 2 answers      

part II. Words and Expressions: For the following questions, select the best equivalent of the words and/or expressions in journalism and/or communication.

277- The prevailing belief that a ruling elite should guide the intellectually inferior masses.

1) libertarian theory                                               2) authoritarian theory

3) developmental theory                                       4)  social responsibility theory

278- In a media context, the theory that reports of violence can instigate new violence.

1) contagion effect                                                 2) catharsis  effect

3) cleansing effect                                                  4) purification effect

279- A system in which a home television set receives a signal straightly from a orbiting satellite.

1)  very-high-frequency band (VHF)

2) ultra-high- frequency band (UHF)

3) direct broadcasting by satellite(DBS)

4) indirect broadcasting by satellite (IBS)

280- Guidelines followed by a media organization with regard to certain public issuse or political positions.

1) editorial policies                                                 2) personnel policies

3) government policies                                          4) discipline policies

281- The activity in the communication process by which thoughts and ideas from the source are translated into a form that may be perceive by the senses.

1) source                         2) message                     3) encoding                    4) decoding

282- Any person (or group) who controls what media material eventually reaches the public.

1) specialist                    2) gatekeeper                 3) goalkeeper               4)ombudsman

283- A media function that occurs when the media transmit information that is useful and helpful in everyday life.

1) information seeking                                           2) instrumental utility

3) information avoiding                                         4) instrumental surveillance

384- A method of communication in which one person (or group) interacts with another person (on group) without the aid of a mechanical device.

1) mass communication                                         2) social communication        

3) interpersonal communication                          4) intrapersonal communication

385- Written defamation that tends to injure a person s reputation or good name or that diminishes the esteem, respect, or goodwill due a person.

1) libel                             2) label                            3) entitle                          4) title

386- The assumption that all human beings are rational decision make and that government exist to serve the individual.

1) development theory                                          2) libertarian theory

3) authoritarian theory                                          4) social responsibility theory

387- The process by which a complex organization, with the aid of one or more machines, produces and transmits public messages that are directed at large, heterogeneous, and scattered audiences.

1) mass communication                                         2) nonverbal communication

3) intrapersonal communication                          4) interpersonal communication

388- An independent agency whose job is to monitor the day-to-day performance of the media.

1) press run                    2) press agency             3) press council             4) press release

389- An attempt by the government to censor the press by restraining it from publishing or broadcasting material.

1) disclosure                  2) concession                3) copyright                   4) prior restraint

290- A theory that suggests viewing violence will actually activate an individual to behave more violently.

1) catharsis theory                                                 2) stimulation theory  

3) socialization theory                                           4) agenda setting theory

291- A model proposing that audience members have certain needs or drives that are satisfied by using both nonmedia and media sources.

1) reinforcement model                                          2) agenda setting model

3) hypodermic needle model                              4) uses and gratifications model